Tag: Form 130

How to Calculate Income From Salary: Step by Step With Example (Tax Year 2026-27)

Posted on by CA Meet Dhrangadhariya

Last updated: 05 September 2026 · Written and reviewed by CA Meet Dhrangadhariya, CSM & Co LLP

Quick summary

  • Income from salary is worked out in four steps: add everything that counts as salary (section 16), subtract the exempt allowances, add taxable perquisites, then subtract the section 19 deductions.
  • Section 19 allows the standard deduction (₹75,000 new regime, ₹50,000 old), professional tax (old regime) and retirement items such as gratuity and leave encashment within their limits.
  • Chapter VIII deductions (section 123 and others) are subtracted afterwards, in the old regime only.
  • Employers deduct TDS on salary under section 392 and issue Form 130 by 15 June; check it against your AIS before filing.

Income from salary is the first and usually the largest head of income for an employee. This post shows how it is worked out under the Income-tax Act, 2025 and then how tax is calculated on it, with a full example under both regimes.

Step 1: add up what counts as salary

Section 16 of the Act says salary includes:

  • wages (basic pay, dearness allowance, allowances, bonus),
  • any annuity or pension,
  • any gratuity,
  • any fees or commission,
  • perquisites (rent-free accommodation, a car for personal use, free shares and others in section 17),
  • profits in lieu of salary (section 18), such as compensation on termination,
  • any advance of salary,
  • any payment for leave not availed of (leave encashment),
  • the taxable annual accretion to a recognised provident fund, and
  • the employer’s contribution to the notified pension scheme (NPS).

Under section 15, salary due to you in the tax year is chargeable whether paid or not, salary paid in advance is chargeable in the year it is paid, and arrears paid in the year are chargeable if not taxed earlier. So salary that is due but unpaid at year end is still income of that year.

Step 2: take out exempt allowances

Some allowances are exempt in part or full, within limits, under Schedule III and Rule 279. The best known is house rent allowance (old regime only). It is exempt to the extent of the least of the HRA received, the rent paid less 10% of salary, and 50% of salary in Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad and Bengaluru (40% elsewhere), where salary is basic pay plus dearness allowance if the terms provide. Leave travel concession and some others are also old regime items. See our posts on allowances for each.

Step 3: add the taxable perquisites

Free or concessional accommodation, a car, free meals above the limit, loans at a low rate, gifts above the limit, and shares allotted under an ESOP or RSU are valued under Rule 15 and added. See our posts on perquisites and ESOP taxation.

Step 4: subtract the deductions from salary (section 19)

Deduction Amount Regime
Professional tax The whole amount Old only
Standard deduction ₹75,000, or the salary if less New
Standard deduction ₹50,000, or the salary if less Old
Death-cum-retirement gratuity of government employees The whole amount Both
Gratuity of other employees Within the limits in our gratuity post Both
Leave encashment on retirement Government employees: the whole amount. Others: the least of the cash equivalent of leave at credit (up to 30 days for each year of service), ten times the average monthly salary of the last ten months, the notified limit and the amount received Both
Voluntary retirement payment The least of the amount received and ₹5,00,000, subject to the conditions in section 19(2)(e) Both
Retrenchment compensation to a workman The least of three amounts in the Table Both

The result is income from salary. If you received arrears or advance salary that pushes you into a higher slab, claim relief under section 157 with Form 39.

Step 5: from income from salary to taxable income

Add income from other heads (house property, other sources and so on), set off losses and then, in the old regime only, subtract the Chapter VIII deductions: section 123 (up to ₹1,50,000), your own NPS contribution up to ₹50,000, health insurance, education loan interest, donations and others. The new regime allows only a few of these, mainly the employer’s NPS contribution. The balance is total income.

Step 6: apply the rates

New regime (section 202), tax year 2026-27: up to ₹4,00,000 nil; 5% to ₹8,00,000; 10% to ₹12,00,000; 15% to ₹16,00,000; 20% to ₹20,00,000; 25% to ₹24,00,000; 30% above. Rebate under section 156(2) of up to ₹60,000 if total income is up to ₹12,00,000.

Old regime: up to ₹2,50,000 nil; 5% to ₹5,00,000; 20% to ₹10,00,000; 30% above. Rebate of up to ₹12,500 if total income is up to ₹5,00,000. Higher basic exemption limits apply for resident senior citizens.

Then add surcharge if income is above ₹50 lakh, and 4% health and education cess.

Worked example

Basic ₹6,00,000, HRA ₹3,00,000, special allowance ₹4,50,000, bonus ₹1,50,000. Employee’s PF ₹72,000. Rent paid ₹3,30,000 a year in Pune. Professional tax ₹2,400. Other qualifying investments ₹78,000.

Item Old regime (₹) New regime (₹)
Gross salary 15,00,000 15,00,000
Less: HRA exemption (least of 3,00,000; 3,30,000 - 60,000 = 2,70,000; 50% of 6,00,000 = 3,00,000) 2,70,000 Not available
Less: professional tax 2,400 Not available
Less: standard deduction 50,000 75,000
Income from salary 11,77,600 14,25,000
Less: section 123 (PF 72,000 + others 78,000) 1,50,000 Not available
Total income 10,27,600 14,25,000
Tax on slabs 1,20,780 93,750
Add: cess at 4% 4,831 3,750
Tax payable 1,25,611 97,500

The new regime costs ₹28,111 less for this employee because the deductions (₹4,72,400 in all: HRA, professional tax, standard deduction and section 123) are below the break-even for a ₹15 lakh salary. See our post on saving tax by salary level.

TDS on salary

The employer deducts tax on salary under section 392(1) at the average rate on your estimated income for the year, after taking into account the evidence you give in Form 124 (Rule 205) and details of other income and previous employment (Form 122). It can adjust later months for any excess or shortfall (section 392(5)(c)). The employer pays the tax to the government and issues Form 130 by 15 June after the end of the year (Rule 215).

Documents you need to file the return

  1. Form 130, the TDS certificate for salary.
  2. AIS and the TDS statement on the e-filing portal, to reconcile TDS and any interest or other income.
  3. Rent receipts, landlord’s PAN, investment and loan statements for the old regime claims.
  4. Form 123, if the employer gives perquisite details separately.

If Form 130 and your AIS differ, ask your employer to correct the TDS return before you file, or report the figures you are able to support.

Frequently asked questions

What is included in salary for income tax?

Wages, any annuity or pension, gratuity, fees or commission, perquisites, profits in lieu of salary, advance salary, payment for leave not availed of, and certain provident fund and pension scheme items (section 16 of the Income-tax Act, 2025).

What deductions are allowed from salary?

Under section 19(1): professional tax (old regime only), the standard deduction (₹75,000 new regime, ₹50,000 old regime), and retirement items such as gratuity, leave encashment and commutation of pension within their limits.

Is the standard deduction available in both regimes?

Yes. It is ₹75,000 or the salary, whichever is less, in the new regime, and ₹50,000 or the salary, whichever is less, in the old regime.

Which form shows my salary and TDS?

Form 130, the TDS certificate for salary under section 395. The employer must furnish it by 15 June after the end of the tax year (Rule 215).

Do I need Form 124?

Give your employer Form 124 with evidence of HRA, LTA, home loan interest and Chapter VIII claims so that TDS is deducted on the right income (section 392(5)(b), Rule 205).

Where do I report salary in the return?

In the salary schedule of the return, using Form 130 and the figures in your AIS. Reconcile any difference before filing.

Official sources

Related reading

Disclaimer

This article is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered professional advice. Please consult a qualified expert for advice tailored to your specific situation. The author and website owner are not liable for any errors or actions based on this content.

Missed the Proof Submission Deadline? How to Claim HRA and Deductions in Your Return (2026-27)

Posted on by CA Meet Dhrangadhariya

Last updated: 17 September 2026 · Written and reviewed by CA Meet Dhrangadhariya, CSM & Co LLP

Quick summary

  • Your employer asks for evidence of HRA, LTA, home loan interest and Chapter VIII deductions in Form 124 (Rule 205) so that it deducts the right TDS; there is no legal cut-off date, only the employer’s payroll cut-off.
  • If you miss it, TDS is deducted without those claims, but you can still claim HRA exemption and section 123 deductions in your income-tax return and get the excess back as a refund.
  • Both HRA and section 123 deductions are available only in the old regime; the new regime allows neither.
  • Do not send the proofs with the return; keep them ready in case of a notice.

Every year, employers ask for rent receipts, investment proofs and loan certificates in the last months of the tax year. If you miss the date, your payslip shows more TDS than you expected. That money is not lost. Most claims can be made again, and the excess tax recovered, when you file your return.

Why the employer asks for proofs

Under section 392 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 the employer must deduct tax on salary at the average rate on your estimated income. To estimate your income, it gets evidence of your claims under section 392(5)(b), in Form 124 (Rule 205). The Rule lists what is needed:

Claim Evidence the employer asks for
House rent allowance Landlord’s name, address and PAN where yearly rent is above ₹1,00,000, and any relationship with the landlord
Leave travel concession or assistance Evidence of the expenditure
Interest on a house loan Lender’s name, address and PAN
Chapter VIII deductions Evidence of investment or expenditure

The date set by the employer is a payroll cut-off, not a date in the law. The employer may also adjust later deductions to correct any excess or deficiency in the year (section 392(5)(c)).

What happens if you miss it

The employer deducts tax as if you had no claims. Your TDS certificate (Form 130, due by 15 June after the year, Rule 215) shows that tax. You have paid more than you owe, but the excess is yours to recover, as a refund, when the return is processed.

What you can still claim in the return

Only in the old regime. Section 202(2) bars the HRA exemption (Schedule III, serial 11) and Chapter VIII deductions (other than a few such as the employer’s NPS contribution) in the new regime. If your claims are large, compare both regimes before you choose one when you file.

1. HRA exemption

You need the rent paid and, if yearly rent is above ₹1,00,000, the landlord’s PAN. The exempt amount is the least of the HRA received, rent paid less 10% of salary, and 50% of salary in Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad and Bengaluru (40% elsewhere), with “salary” as defined in Rule 279. See our post on HRA. If you pay rent but do not get HRA, a separate Chapter VIII deduction for rent may apply (see our post on section 80GG).

2. Section 123 deductions (formerly 80C), up to ₹1,50,000

Schedule XV lists what qualifies. Several need no new investment, so you can claim them from expenses you already incurred:

  • your provident fund contribution (recognised provident fund) and contribution to an approved superannuation fund;
  • tuition fees for full-time education of any two children at an Indian institution, but not development fees or donations;
  • payments for buying or constructing a residential house, such as loan principal, subject to the conditions in paragraph 3 of Schedule XV;
  • life insurance premium, five-year term deposits with a scheduled bank or the post office, the Senior Citizen Savings Scheme and other listed items.

Investments made up to 31 March of the tax year count, even if you made them after your employer’s cut-off.

3. Interest on a housing loan

Where the property qualifies, the interest is claimed in the return under Income from house property. Keep the lender’s interest certificate.

What to do about leave travel concession

The exemption depends on actual travel and the block rules. Employers collect the evidence through Form 124 and apply it in payroll. Whether a claim can be made later in the return depends on the return form and the proof you hold, so if you missed the employer date, ask a professional before you rely on claiming it in the return.

Practical steps

  1. Collect rent receipts, the lender’s certificate, premium and fee receipts and PF statements.
  2. Read your Form 130 and the AIS and compare the salary and TDS with your own records.
  3. Choose the regime that gives the lower tax with your real claims.
  4. File the return and enter the claims in the relevant schedules. The refund is paid after processing.
  5. Do not upload the proofs. Keep them safe in case a notice asks for them.

Next year

Give your employer the Form 124 particulars early in the year and update them as soon as you pay fees or invest. The tax deducted each month then matches your real liability, and you do not have to wait for a refund.

Frequently asked questions

Is there a legal last date for submitting investment proofs to the employer?

No. The employer asks for evidence under section 392(5)(b) in Form 124 (Rule 205) so that it can estimate your income and deduct the right TDS. The date is set by your employer’s payroll, usually in the last quarter of the year.

What happens if I miss it?

The employer deducts TDS on your salary without those claims, so more tax is deducted than your actual liability. Your TDS certificate (Form 130) shows that higher tax.

Can I still get the benefit?

Yes, for most items. Claim the HRA exemption and section 123 deductions when you file the return. The excess TDS comes back as a refund.

Do the claims work in the new tax regime?

No. The new regime does not allow the HRA exemption or Chapter VIII deductions such as section 123 (section 202(2)). They are available only if you choose the old regime.

Do I attach proofs to the return?

No, but keep them. You may be asked for them if the department sends a notice.

When must the TDS certificate be issued?

Form 130 for salary is to be furnished by 15 June after the end of the tax year (Rule 215).

Official sources

Disclaimer

This article is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered professional advice. Please consult a qualified expert for advice tailored to your specific situation. The author and website owner are not liable for any errors or actions based on this content.